Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). They appear as small growths or lumps on or around the genital and anal areas and can vary in size, shape, and colour. Some are so small they can be difficult to see, while others may form clusters that resemble cauliflower-like patches. The condition is usually painless but can cause itching, discomfort, or irritation.

HPV is spread through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who carries the virus. Even if warts are not visible, the infection can still be transmitted. Because HPV is very common, many people will come into contact with it at some point in their lives, though not everyone develops visible warts.

Genital warts can appear weeks, months, or even years after infection, making it difficult to know exactly when or from whom the virus was contracted. Factors such as a weakened immune system, stress, or illness can increase the likelihood of warts appearing. In most cases, the body’s immune system eventually suppresses the virus over time.