Vaginal dryness occurs when the tissues of the vagina lose moisture and lubrication, leading to discomfort, irritation, or pain. It is a common condition that can affect women at any stage of life but is especially prevalent during and after menopause. Hormonal changes, particularly a drop in oestrogen, are the most frequent cause, though other factors such as stress, certain medications, and lifestyle habits can also contribute.

Typical symptoms include itching, burning, tightness, or pain during intercourse. Some women may also experience increased urinary discomfort or a higher susceptibility to infections. The lack of natural lubrication can make everyday activities, such as exercise or sitting for long periods, uncomfortable and affect emotional well-being and sexual confidence.

Hormonal fluctuations are the leading cause of vaginal dryness. This can occur during menopause, after childbirth, or while breastfeeding, when oestrogen levels are naturally lower. Other factors, including certain contraceptives, antidepressants, and allergy medications, may also reduce vaginal moisture. Stress, smoking, and dehydration can further aggravate the condition.